नमुना प्रश्नावली

यसमा सम्भावित उत्तरहरु थप्ने, सकेसम्म ३ वा ४ बनाउने   

Ethics in Advertising (PR)

Advertising Code of American Business was prepared to make American advertising business organized, systematic and disciplined by American Advertizing Federation (AAF) and Association of Better Bureaus International. It had nine major points which focuses on the fact that advertisement should be truthful and it should not impact people negatively. It also ensures that the advertisers and agencies should censor the advertisement by AAF before publishing. Other points highlighted by the code art; ads that could harm moral betterment and goodwill should not be published, the words, illustrations and artwork used in advertisement should not have obscenity but should be original. Moreover, advertisement should not defame other products. Advertisements should not be presented aggressively. It has also provisioned that guarantee and warranty of the product should be clearly stated, identity and details of the guarantor should be mentioned clearly, price of the product should be stated clearly, no exaggeration or baseless claim should be done.

In Nepalese context, Journalists Code of Conduct 2060 has Advertisement should not be used or presented as news. Criticism of any news cannot be shown via advertisement. Likewise one media organization should not criticize the news and advertisement by another media organization.

According to C.S. Rayudu, ”Advertising should be so designed as to form not only to the laws but also the moral aesthetic and religious sentiment of the country in which it is published.” He further says that advertising should be truthful, it should avoid distorting facts and misleading the public by means of implications and omissions.

According to Shreeram Khanal, 2060, Advertisement should not mislead people. It should consider communication norms. Qualities of the product, place of availability, price, procedure of getting prizes, should be clearly stated. Advertising agencies, advertisers, media houses need to understand the facts that credible, attractive, message oriented, meaningful and non vulgar advertisement should be prepared. Advertisement should not be like defaming people’s prestige and products image. Advertisements made with defamatory and obscene intention are against codes of ethics. Likewise, to imitate others, to copy trademark or corporate logo, to use other’s slogans also fall under the breach of advertising code of ethics.

       Codes of ethics for Advertising professionals:  

       1.Should not advertise against nation’s welfare

       2.Should not go against existing Nepalese law, rules and order  

      3. Should not misuse judicial procedure 

      4. Should protect and promote public welfare while advertising. Should not act to jeopardize good conduct, public norms and values. 

5. Always try to maintain prestige of business and businesspersons.   
6. Should not misuse own political status in business activities

      7. Should settle the problem related to business lawfully through talks     

      8. Should keep business transparent by collecting and maintaining record of service charge transparently. 

      9. Should create healthy competition and discourage any ill, unhealthy and immoral competition due to greed of money and post for the welfare of advertising professionals.

     10. Should maintain good relationship with media.

Content Analysis (RESEARH)

Basically, when it comes to content in media, it is anything that is published, aired, telecast, webcast, or broadcast through any type of mainstream media. It consists of news, articles, advertisement, editorials, advertorials, drama and the likes which can be in text,image, audio, visual, animation, sketch and other available formats.

So Content Analysis research is the research of such contents in order to find out the priority of beats, coverage of particular case, availability of ABCR in such contents etc. 

According to Bernard Berelson “Content analysis is a research technique for the systematic and quantitative description of the printed or aired content in newspaper, radio, television or even online portals.”

According to Kerlinger, “Content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing communication in a systematic, objective and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. In Kerlinger’s definition 3 concepts are involved;

1. It is systematic: it means content should be analyzed in systematic manner
2. It is objective: it means researchers personal thoughts bias should not enter into the findings
3. It is quantitative: it means content analysis is the accurate representation of the body message

Uses of the content analysis

1. It is used to describe communication content
2. It is used to test hypothesis of message characteristics
3. It is used to access the image of particular group in a society
4. It is used to establish a starting point of study of media effect
5. Somehow content analysis is also used for the study of agenda setting.

Steps of content analysis
Content analysis is conducted in 10 levels or stages. But they need not follow the order or sequence. The steps of content analysis are as follows:

1. Formulate hypothesis
2. Define the universe in question
3. Select and define a unit of analysis
4. Select an appropriate sample from the population
5. Construct the categories of content to be analyzed
6. Establish a quantification system
7. Train coders and conduct a pilot study
8. Codify the content according to the established definition
9. Analyze the collected data
10. Draw conclusion and search for points to recommend

Features of content analysis

1. This is a popular method regarding mass media research
   2. Various steps and survey method are used
   3. Samples are selected
2. Skilled manpower is needed to collect true and right data
3. Much care is needed while analyzing the content

6. Analyzed content should be acceptable to the analyzers. It should be valid and authentic.