Wednesday, November 22, 2017

Step 2. Literature Review/Review of Literature


Literature in general denotes the written works in the form of poem, story, essays, rhetorical write ups etc. But when it come to research, especially in literature review, the term literature gives a very different meaning. In such a case literature can be in any form; text, photographs, videos, audio clips etc. related to a particular subject matter or area which could be useful for a researcher to go through before proceeding for his her own research work. 

Reviewing past works or literature in a particular topic helps him her to gain more information, knowledge on that topic. It would guide him\her in their research. Such literature may help avoid duplication of work as well. One can change his\her subject or angle if some research has already been done in the same area and topic before. If a person does not review any past works or literature and proceeds further in formulating hypothesis, s\he may be like walking amid a thick fog. They can only imagine but not find out the real track to move forward.

That is why researchers should review past work thoroughly before staring own research journey. Review mean to watch, read, analyze, listen to the audio materials, read articles, books, interviews, already published journals, research papers, watch video materials to gain extra knowledge and deep idea related to the selected problem or topic.  

Step 1. Identification of Problem

Problem identification or identification of problem is the first step of any research. In this stage, we select or finalize the topic or area to conduct our study. Selecting a topic or problem is not an easy task as we expect it to be.

A researcher should be very careful while selecting a research topic. Generally, one should select a topic or problem that is viable to his/her knowledge, resource and interest. Selecting a wider range of topic requires a lot of resources, time and effort. On top of that it is difficult to reach a logical conclusion in such a case. That is why, we should select a moderate topic which is neither too wide or too narrow. The basis for selecting topic for social science research can be newspapers, social rituals, culture, tradition, social taboos, journals, internet resources etc.

According to communication experts, Wimmer and Dominick, we should consider the following points well while selecting a research topic:

#Is the topic too wide?
#Is it really worth studying or researching?  
#Is the data related to the topic worth analyzing?
#Is the problem/topic contextual or useful?
#Will the conclusion be worth generalizing?
#How much will the total process cost?
#Is the topic safe from potential threat?

 

Beating drinking water crisis

"Water, water, everywhere, 
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,

Nor any drop to drink"

The stanza is from S.T.Coleridge’s poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner which indicates the voyager’s narration of a situation when they were stuck amid the sea due to curse caused by shooting an albatross .

In a nutshell, we can’t drink sea water straightly but after treating well, we can.   

To relate, we get stuck with empty water vessels and dried up wells during dry season as drinking water crisis matters us the most since condition of drinking water supply throughout the country is bad, being worse in the Kathmandu Valley.

           We, Kathmanduites, get water supply alternatively or once in a blue moon. Many a time, we have to keep vainglorious night vigils for the glimpse of water drops even in normal season. On top of that the recent massive earthquake has fanned the fire by drying up water sources.   
            Though the authority concerned is always reported to have been exercising to provide more water supplies, it won't meet even a half of consumers' need. Therefore, time has come that we opted for alternatives ourselves.

            You might probably suggest seeking relief in underground water. But  for how long, ten years, twenty years? Are we the last of our species? Certainly not. Our offspring will have to follow suit as we did to our ancestors.

   It’s a well known fact that the ponds that fed stone spouts have become legends because of mushrooming buildings, more and more wells getting dug up aiding to drain up naturally reserved underground water faster.Streams and rivulets, the perennial sources of water flowing from the outskirts to the valley are getting muddy and unusable due to umpteenth of illegally-licensed stone mines. All of these factors are adding fuel to the flame.

            Time has ripe for us to choose an Eco-friendly alternative to beat this crisis. For this, the process of harvesting rainwater can undoubtedly prove to be one for us to take refuge in. The process of which is not onerous. It doesn't need hi-tech engineering and it not that dear either. In rainy season, we witness plenty of rainfall, water and water and water everywhere, which eventually goes to rivers and canals and help the unnecessary flood to enhance; even causing fields and household to be swept away. If we managed the free rainwater well, it can become a great boon to keep our water problem at bay.

            To start with, all we have to do is to build a couple of tanks--one for filtration and another for storage. When it rains, we have to supply the rainwater to the first tank directly from the roof, no matter it is flat or corrugated through a pipeline. The tank contains layers of sand, aggregates and pebbles for filtering process. It gets filtered there and can be reserved it in the second one to consume as per our need.

            A well can be dug by the tank to store extra amount of water which can be used for washing and gardening purpose. Time has come to invest a meager amount of money once to own our own still Melamchi in our compound and bid adieu to all those past headaches regarding drinking water.

            A recent study shows if every household  started harvesting rainwater, the nature's gift, almost eighty percent of Kathmandu's water problem can be kept at bay forever. By this the burden of the authority concerned will be automatically toned down a great deal inspiring it to act wholeheartedly. On top of that there will be no risk of water-borne epidemics and any negative impact in the ecosystem. Let’s give this boon a try to prove that a stitch in time really saves nine.

Monday, November 20, 2017

अन्तर वस्तु विश्लेषण (Content Analysis) (Practical 1, JMC,Merdia research)


अग्र पृष्ठहरु - Preliminary pages


#आवरण/प्रथम पेज -Front Page
#
प्राक्कथन-Preface
#
कृतज्ञता-Acknowledgement
#
बिषय सूची -Table of contents
#
अध्ययनको उद्धेश्य-Objectives of the study
#
अध्ययनको सीमा-Limitations of the study
#
अध्ययन बिधि-Methodology

मध्य पृष्ठ/मुख्य पृष्ठहरु-Body Pages/main Pages

# परिचय: यस परिचय खण्डमा आम संचार माध्यम , त्यसका मुख्य प्रकार हरु बारे हल्का ब्याख्या गरि  यसका  सकारात्मक , नकारात्मक  प्रभाब  बारे  सानो परिचय राख्ने अन्तर वस्तु विश्लेषण व्याख्या गर्ने

#पत्ता लागेका तथ्यहरु- Findings 

प्रत्येक दिनको छुट्टाछुट्टै व्याख्या गर्नेै
नमूना:



सबै दिनको व्याख्या पश्चात् १५ दिनकै जम्मा समाचार जोड्ने, त्यसपछि १५ दिनकै बिधा समाचार(Beat news) जोडेर समग्र प्रतिशत निकाल्ने
त्यसकै आधारमा एउटा वृत्तचित्र (Pie Chart)वा स्तम्भ चित्र(Bar Diagram) मा प्रस्तुत गरि ओटा पत्रिकाको बिधा समाचारलाई तुलना गरी व्याख्या गर्ने, उक्त व्याख्यालाई निष्कर्षका रुपमा राख्ने


lgisif{ k[i7x? - Concluding pages

निष्कर्ष(Conclusion):सम्पूर्ण अध्ययनको सारांश

परिशिष्ट(Appendices): यसमा आफ्नो अध्ययनसंग सम्बन्धीत अतिरिक्त दस्तावेजहरु जस्तै तस्वीर, प्रश्नावली आदि राख्ने

सन्दर्भ सामग्री(References):यसमा आफूले अध्ययनका क्रममा साभार गरेका वौद्धिक सामग्रीहरुको श्रोत उल्लेख गर्ने, जस्तै पुस्तकको नाम, लेखक, प्रकाशक, वेबसाईट, जर्नल, पत्रपत्रिका, शोधपत्र आदि





 

Friday, November 17, 2017

Format of Survey on the Habits of TV watching, Radio listening or newspaper reading of the people of a particular area (Practical 2) under Media Researh BA II year

Preliminary Pages

Front Page
Preface
acknowledgement
Table of contents
Objectives of the study
Limitations of the study
Research method

Main Pages

Introduction to Survey
Table of the total calculated response of the questionnaire
1 Pie chart or Bar diagram each for every question
A simple description of the chart below


Concluding Pages

Conclusion - Summary of the observation and findings the responses of the total respondents found during your survy
Recommendation - Areas of improvement in the news papers while giving priority to your beat news
Appendices- Extra documents to prove your study, for example, newspaper, photographs etc (if available)
References-The source of text and other materials that you used during the preparation of the report. For example, newspapers, websites, books, journals etc. It will help you be safe from plagiarism.