Approaches to Research

     Mass media research, like any other research in social science, is based on qualitative (related to quality of something) and quantitative(related to quantity of something) approaches. They refer to the nature of data to be collected during the research work. Qualitative data is impressionistic whereas quantitative data is numeric, which can be measured. 

     Qualitative research involves an in-depth understanding of consumer (human) behavior and the reasons that govern human behavior. Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research relies on the reasons behind the various aspects of behavior. 

     Simply put, it investigates the 'why' of decision-making as compared to 'what', 'where' and 'when' of quantitative research. Although there is a debate among the scholars as to which approach may be more reliable, mass media researchers can employ any one or both of them simultaneously as needed and as per the nature of data required to be collected. 


Difference between quantitative and qualitative research
Or,
Characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research

Quantitative Qualitative Research questions: How many? Research questions: Why? It tests theory It develops theory Questionnaire is rigid and standardized It is more flexible Facts are unbiased Facts are biased Establishes cause and effect relations Describes meaning Measurable Interpretive Researcher is an independent entity Researcher is an integral part of data gathering Basic element of analysis is numbers Basic element of analysis is words/ideas. Larger samples of respondents Smaller samples of respondents Methods include surveys and experiments Methods include focus groups, in-depth interviews and case study Reasoning is deductive Reasoning is inductive Number-based Text-based It often uses close-ended questionnaire It often uses open-ended questionnaire It is generalizable in other places and time It strives for uniqueness "Counts the oranges" Suggests as to "which oranges are worth counting" Quantifies the data Qualifies the data

Differences between Primary and Secondary data

S. No	Primary	Secondary
1	The major source of Primary data is field observation/visit	The major surce of secondary data is the published and not published reports and literatures already carried out by others
2	Such data are pure and are not used by anyone previously	Such data are already used by others
3	Such data take more effort, money and time to collect	Such data are time, money and efforet constraint
4	Researcher do not have to hesitate to use such data because there are authentic and collected by themselves	Researchers have to cross check the facts and analyze secondary data critically before using
5	Such data are crude and have to be processed before using	Such data are already processed so researcher can use directly by providing credit to the source
6	Such data are collected as per the necessity of the researcher	Such data are already available and may not match the necessity of the researcher

Major Highlights of National Broadcasting Act, 2049 – रास्ट्रिय प्रसारण ऐन २०४९

Highlights 

# Promulgated to regulate broadcasting sector of Nepal
-प्रसारण क्षेत्रलाई ब्यबस्थित गर्न बनेको
# Broadcasters must obtain license to broadcast contents
-प्रसारकले बिना इजाजत सामग्री प्रसारण गर्न नपाउने
# Allows private sector’s involvement in broadcast sector
-निजी क्षेत्रलाई प्रसारण क्षेत्रमा हात हाल्न बाटो खुलाएको
# Private sectors authorized to establish FM radios and broadcast entertainment, educational and news based programs
-निजी क्षेत्रलाई एफ. एम. रेडियो स्थापना गरि शिक्षामूलक, मनोरन्जनात्मक तथा सूचनामूलक सामग्री प्रसारण गर्न बाटो खुलाएको
# Forbids broadcasting information breaching national law, affecting harmony, national integrity, and security
-रास्ट्रिय अखण्डता, सार्वभौमिकता, सुरक्षामा खलल पुग्ने खालको सामग्री प्रसारण गर्न नपाइने
# Provision of banning such broadcasting organization up to 6 months if the rule is breached
-यदि यस्ता सामग्री प्रसारण गरेको पाइएमा ६ महिनासम्म प्रसारण बन्द गर्न सक्ने प्रावधान
# Focuses on broadcasting development related transmission
-विकास सम्बन्धी सामग्री प्रसार गर्न जोड

Radio Magazine by Promise Gopali , Manita Shrestha and Team !!!!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsZySysHcF4&t=926s

News Agency - Wire Services

A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire, or news service.


General History of the beginning of Wire Services 

Charles Louis Havas, Paul Reuters, and Bernard Wolff changed the world by creating news agencies that used the telegraph to rapidly transmit information. Charles-Louis Havas (1783–1858) started his working life as a supply officer for the French military, serving in Nantes, France. Later he was a banker, a cotton importer, and a newspaper entrepreneur. Because of his work in both imports and news, he found it easy to view information as an international commodity.

In 1830, following the July Revolution, Louis-Philippe succeeded to the French throne. Having strong liberal tendencies, Louise-Philippe proclaimed freedom of the press, and Havas saw the need for better organization of information and news traffic (Havas 2015). His first step was to set up a foreign newspaper translation bureau in Paris. The bureau was also a bookstore and a focal point of international politics and information. Three years later it became Agence Havas, the world’s first news agency (Shrivastava 2007).

In the beginning, Havas used carrier pigeons to bring news from the morning’s British newspapers to Paris by 3.00 p.m., in time for the evening editions. When the telegraph arrived in France in 1845, Havas was the first to use it. The Havas agency became a publicly traded company after the death of Charles-Louis Havas in 1858, and was the largest of the world’s news agencies for almost a century.